Batholith

Batholith is a large body of igneous rock formed beneath the Earth’s surface by the intrusion and solidification of magma.

Strata vs. Shield Volcanoes

There are several ways in which a volcano can form, just as there are several different kinds of volcanoes. Volcanism is part of the process by which a planet cools off.
Hot magma, rising from lower reaches of the Earth, eventually, but not always, erupts onto the surface in the form of lava. During the eruption of a volcano, flowing lava and ash, forming a large cone. This cone is what we know as a volcano.

http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/interior/volcanos_general.html

Gulf Currents

 Other experts say that the oil is already there—satellite images show oil caught up in one of the eddies, or powerful whorls, attached to the Loop Current, a high-speed stream that pulses north into the Gulf of Mexico and travels in a clockwise pattern toward Florida.

http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/05/100518-gulf-mexico-oil-spill-loop-current-science-environment/

ocean water

There are four temperature scales that give us a relative understanding of the heat in the object or system we are measuring: Fahrenheit, Celsius, Kelvin, and (the less-common) Rankine. The Fahrenheit and Celsius scales are based on two fixed points, the Kelvin and Rankine scales are based on one.

http://www.onr.navy.mil/focus/ocean/water/temp1.htm